Force couplings of shafts with hubs.

Table of Content:

• Control and syntax
• Information on the project
• Process of calculation
• Common input data
• A. Interference fit
• Design of coupling dimensions
• Loading capacity, strength checks and mounting parameters of the coupling
• Check of the coupling strained by additional load
• Check of the coupling at specific working temperature
• Extended fit selection according to ISO 286
• B. Clamping connection
• Design of coupling dimensions
• Loading capacity and strength checks of the coupling
• Comparative table
• Setting, change the language
• Workbook modifications

Force couplings of shafts with hubs.

The calculation is intended for geometrical design and strength check of force couplings of shafts with hubs with a cylindrical contact area. The application provides solutions for the following tasks:

1. Design of force fits, possibly shrink fits.
2. Design of clamping connections with separated, or one-side cut hub.
3. Strength check of designed couplings.
4. Check of interference fit strained by additional radial force with bending moment.
5. Check of interference fit working at specific service temperature.

The calculation is based on data, procedures and algorithms from specialized literature and standards ANSI, ISO, DIN and others.
List of standards: ANSI B4.1, ISO 286

Hint: The comparative document "Choices of type of coupling of a shaft with a hub" can be helpful in selecting the suitable type of coupling.

 User interface.

 Download.

 Purchase, Price list.
 

Control, structure and syntax of calculations.

Information on the syntax and control of the calculation can be found in the document "Control, structure and syntax of calculations".

Information on the project.

Information on the purpose, use and control of the paragraph "Information on the project" can be found in the document  "Information on the project".

Process of calculation.

The workbook with calculation of force couplings of shafts and hubs can be divided into two ranges. A range of common input data and results (paragraphs [1, 9]) and a range of individual calculations (chapters A, B) relevant for the given type of coupling only. Two types of tasks can then be solved using the calculation:

• Design, calculation and check of the type of coupling chosen beforehand
• Design for both types of coupling with the subsequent selection of more appropriate solution

When choosing a suitable type of coupling there must also be taken into account, besides the dimensional parameters of the coupling, its use value, time demands and financial costs of production, installation and operation of the coupling. The comparative document "Choices of type of coupling of a shaft with a hub" can be helpful in selecting a suitable type of coupling.

Typical calculation / design of a coupling includes of the following steps:

1. Set the coupling performance parameters (transmitted power, revolutions, axial force) [1.2, 1.3, 1.6]. 
2. Set the mode of loading and operational parameters (drive type, load type...) [1.7].
3. Choose material of the shaft [1.16] and material of the hub [1.25].
4. Define the shaft design [1.13] and desired safety [1.14].
5. Set coupling parameters for the selected coupling type [2.1 / 7.1].
6. Design coupling dimensions [2.14 / 7.12]. In case of interference fits, you can use the preliminary design function [2.13].
7. In case of interference fits, design the appropriate fit [2.22], in case of clamping connections calculate suitable mounting pre-stressing [7.18].
8. Check the results of the designed coupling checks [3 / 8].
9. If you have executed a design for both types of coupling, compare the designed parameters in paragraph [9].
10. Save the workbook with the suitable solution under a new name.

Common input data. [1]

In this paragraph, enter basic input parameters, characterizing the manner, conditions and amount of loading, design of the coupling and materials of the shaft and hub.

1.1 Calculation units.

In the selection list, choose the desired calculation unit system. All values will be recalculated immediately after switching to other units.

Warning: In case of use of the automatic design function [2.13, 2.23] it is necessary to restart the design after changing the units.

1.3 Transferred power.

Enter the power which will be transferred by the shaft.

1.4 Shaft speed.

Enter the shaft speed.

1.5 Torque.

The transferred power and speed provide a torsional moment, which is the basic input value for the design of the coupling.  

1.6 Axial Force.

Set the maximum axial force straining the coupling. 

Note: The calculations and coupling checks herein work on the assumption of coupling strained by a constant axial force. If strained by a variable load, the actual loading capacity of the coupling decreases. Therefore it is recommended to select the value of service force approx. 20 to 25 % higher for pulsating load and 40 to 50 % higher for alternating load in the calculation. Use higher values for impact loading.

1.8 Power source.

Select the type of drive which best meets the requirements of the entered specifications.

1. Uniform: electric motor, steam turbine, gas turbine
2. Light shocks: hydraulic motors
3. Medium shocks: internal combustion engine

1.9 Loading conditions.

Select the loading conditions which best meet the requirements of the entered specifications.

1. Continuous: generator, conveyor (belt, plate, worm), light lift, gearing of a machine tool traverse, fan, turbocharger, turbo compressor, mixer for materials with constant density, etc.
2. Light shocks: generator, gear pump, rotary pump, etc.
3. Intermittent shocks: main drive of a machine tool, heavy forklift, crane swivel, mine fan, mixer for materials with variable density, piston pump, etc.
4. Heavy shocks: press, shears, rubber calender, rolling mill, vane excavator, heavy centrifuge, heavy feeding pump, drilling set, briquetting press, kneading machine, etc.

1.10 Character of operation.

Choose whether the coupling will be loaded during operation in one direction of rotation or the direction of rotation of the shaft will be changed.

1.11 Number of start-ups.

Choose the total number of machine start-ups during the desired service life of the coupling.

Warning: Number of start-ups is given in thousands.

1.13 Inner diameter of the hollow shaft.

In case you use a hollow shaft in the coupling, enter here the inner diameter of the shaft. This parameter affects the size of loading of the shaft in torsion and considerably affects determination of the minimum permitted diameter of the shaft [1.15].

1.14 Desired safety.

With regards to accuracy and credibility of input information, importance of the coupling, quality of production and accuracy of the calculation, it is usually chosen in a range from 1.5 to 3.

Orientation values for choice of safety:

• 1.3 to 1.5 - Very accurate input information, perfect knowledge of material characteristics, high quality and exact following of production technology; insignificant couplings, damage to which does not cause any serious consequences.
• 1.5 to 1.8 - Less accurate calculation without any experimental verification, lower accuracy in production technology, couplings of lower importance.
• 1.8 to 2.5 - Decreased accuracy of calculations, approximate determination of material characteristics, inaccurate knowledge of actual effects of external loading; large diameters of shafts, very important couplings, damage to which could jeopardize human life or bring about high material losses.

Note: The safety value selected herein is used only for checking the shaft for torsion.

Hint: General procedures of determination of safety coefficients can be found in the document "Coefficients of safety".

1.15 Minimum diameter of the shaft.

Use the designed minimum diameter of the shaft as initial information for the design of the coupling.

Note: In case of shafts loaded by additional bend from external radial forces (e.g. gears) it is recommended to choose a minimum diameter of the shaft greater by approx. 20 to 30%.

Warning: The minimum diameter is determined from the strength check of the shaft for torsion. If the coupling is only loaded by axial force, the value of the minimum shaft diameter will not be specified.

1.16 Shaft material (min. - max. tensile strength).

From the list box, select the type of material that the shaft will be manufactured of. The value in brackets states the range of tensile strength [MPa/ksi]. In the right-hand list box, select the desired ultimate tensile strength. If the check box to the right of the list box is checked, the required tensile parameters are set automatically for the selected material. Otherwise, complete the material characteristics manually. Allowable stress in shear [1.20] is used for the strength check of the shaft for torsion. The permissible pressure value [1.21] is used for checking contact areas for deformations, and it is determined for the selected material with respect to loading conditions and operational parameters of the coupling. 

Warning: The strength parameters are calculated from the ultimate tensile strength using empirically obtained coefficients. Also, the modulus of elasticity in tension, Poisson number and heat expansion coefficient are common for the whole group of materials. Although the values obtained that way are close to the values obtained by measuring specific materials, we recommend using material parameters according to the material sheet or from the manufacturer's specifications in case of final calculations.

1.25 Hub material (min. - max. tensile strength).

From the list box, select the type of material that the hub will be manufactured of. The value in brackets states the range of tensile strength [MPa/ksi]. In the right-hand list box, select the desired ultimate tensile strength. If the check box to the right of the list box is checked, the required tensile parameters are set automatically for the selected material. Otherwise, complete the material characteristics manually. The permissible pressure value [1.29] is used for checking contact areas for deformations, and it is determined for the selected material with respect to loading conditions and operational parameters of the coupling. 

Warning: The strength parameters are calculated from the ultimate tensile strength using empirically obtained coefficients. Also, the modulus of elasticity in tension, Poisson number and heat expansion coefficient are common for the whole group of materials. Although the values obtained that way are close to the values obtained by measuring specific materials, we recommend using material parameters according to the material sheet or from the manufacturer's specifications in case of final calculations.

A. Interference fit.

Interference fits are rigid (fixed) fits based on the principle of constant elastic pre-stressing of connected parts using interference in their contact area. Outer loading is transferred by friction between the shaft and hub created in the fit during assembly. The friction is caused by inner normal forces created as a result of elastic deformations of connected parts.

Interference fits are suitable for transfer of both large torques and axial forces in rarely disassembled couplings of shaft and hub. These fits enable high reliability of transfer of even high loads, including alternating loads or loads with impacts. They are typically used for fastening geared wheels, pulleys, bearings, flywheels, turbine rotors and electromotors onto their shafts, with gear rings pressed onto wheel bodies, arms and journals pressed onto crankshafts.

Press on in general means inserting a shaft of larger diameter into a hub opening which is smaller. After the parts have been connected (pressed-on), the shaft diameter decreases and the hub opening increases, in the process of which both parts settle on the common diameter. Pressure in the contact area is then evenly distributed. Interference d, given by the difference between assembly shaft diameter and hub opening diameter, is a characteristic feature and a basic quantity of interference fit. The value of contact pressure, as well as loading capacity and strength of the fit, depends on the interference size.

With respect to the fact that it is not practically possible to manufacture contact area diameters of connected parts with absolute accuracy, the manufacturing (assembly) interference is a vague and accidental value. Its size is defined by two tabular values of marginal interferences which are given by the selected fit (by allowed manufacturing tolerances of connected parts). Interference fits are then designed and checked on the basis of these marginal assembly interferences. Minimum assembly interference d_min is a basic value for solving the loading capacity of a coupling; maximum interference d_max is decisive for its strength check.

Advantages of the coupling:

• High coupling loading capacity
• Suitable even for alternating load and impact load
• Suitable for large and heavy parts
• High accuracy of coupling alignment and perpendicularity
• High coupling reliability
• Structural simplicity of coupling
• Easy production

Disadvantages of the coupling:

• Extremely difficult, even impossible coupling disassembly
• Demanding and dangerous coupling assembly
• High demands on manufacturing accuracy
• Higher variance in coupling loading capacity
• Considerable straining of parts as a result of press-on

The main imperfection of interference fits are increased demands on coupling assembly and considerable problems connected with potential coupling disassembly. Therefore, these couplings are used in practice namely for non-detachable couplings of shafts and hubs. The press process varies technologically in two basic ways:

• Longitudinal press (force fit) - forcible pushing of shaft into hub under pressure or using mechanical or hydraulic jigs in case of smaller parts.
• Transverse press (shrink fit) - non-forcible insertion of the part after previous hub heating (dilatation), or after previous shaft cooling (restriction).

Although interference fits may theoretically be disassembled, the forcible disassembly of couplings with large interference usually results in damage to contact areas and sometimes even in destruction of parts. After re-assembly, the original loading capacity of the coupling is not achieved (the clamping force of the coupling decreases by approx. 15 to 20%). Damage to contact areas may be reduced by their surface hardening. Only "shrink fit" couplings with smaller interference can usually be disassembled and reassembled with satisfactory results. Hydraulic assembly (disassembly) of the coupling may sometimes ensure the requirement of detachability. In case of this assembly method, the surfaces of connected parts are pushed away by high-pressure oil forced into the pressure joint using specially adjusted grooves and channels. The oil pressure is 1.5 - 2 times higher than the coupling contact pressure.

The use of interference fits is also less advantageous for smaller shaft diameters. With respect to the relative "roughness" of used fit systems, the value of relative interference d/d increases sharply in the zone of small diameters. This results in disproportionately high contact pressure (with respect to the requirements on loading capacity of the coupling) and therefore, high tension due to press-on. From the coupling strength check point of view, there arises the requirement to use materials of higher quality or to maintain higher accuracy level in parts production.

Design of coupling dimensions. [2]

This paragraph can be used to choose the parameter of the given type of coupling and to design dimensions of the coupling.

2.2 System of fit.

Although there can be generally coupled parts without any tolerance zones, only two methods of coupling of holes and shafts are recommended due to constructional, technological and economic reasons.

1. Hole basis system
   The desired clearances and interferences in the fit are achieved by combinations of various shaft tolerance zones with the hole tolerance zone "H". In this system of tolerances and fits, the lower deviation of the hole is always equal to zero.
2. Shaft basis system
   The desired clearances and interferences in the fit are achieved by combinations of various hole tolerance zones with the shaft tolerance zone "h". In this system of tolerances and fits, the upper deviation of the hole is always equal to zero.

where:

d=D ... basic size
////  ... hole tolerance zone
\\\\  ... shaft tolerance zone

The option of the system for the specified type of product or production is always influenced by the following factors:

• Constructional design of the product and the method of assembly.
• Production procedure and costs for machining the part.
• Type of semi-product and consumption of material.
• Costs for purchase, maintenance and storage of gauges and production tools.
• Machine holding of the plant.
• Options in use of standardized parts. 

Hint: Although both systems are equivalent in the view of functional properties, the hole basis system is used preferably.

2.3 Assembly method.

There two basic ways of solving assembly process in case of interference fits: 

1. Longitudinal press (force fit)
   Forcible pushing of the shaft into the hub under pressure or using mechanical or hydraulic jigs in case of smaller parts.
   When using longitudinal pressure, surface unevenness of connected parts is partially stripped and smoothed. This results in reduction of the original assembly interference and thus reduction of the coupling loading capacity. The resulting effective coupling interference may then be significantly lower (especially in case of smaller diameters). The amount of mounting smoothness of the surface [2.30] depends on load-bearing treatment of the connected part edge surface, speed of press and mainly on the roughness of connected parts. 
   The press speed should not exceed 2 mm/s. To prevent seizing, steel parts are usually greased. It is also necessary to grease contact areas in case of large couplings with large interference, where extremely high press forces are required. Parts from different materials may be dry-pressed. Greasing contact areas enables the press process, however, on the other hand it leads to a decrease in friction coefficient and coupling loading capacity. 
   From the technological point of view, longitudinal press is relatively simple and undemanding, however, it shows lower coupling loading capacity and reliability than transverse press.
2. Transverse press (shrink fit)
   Non-forcible inserting of the part after previous hub heating (dilatation), or after previous shaft cooling (restriction).
   In case of shrink-fit couplings, the effective interference also decreases to a certain level due to coupling "subsidence". This decrease, however, is significantly smaller than in case of longitudinal press. The value of coupling subsidence [2.30] depends on the roughness of the connected areas. The loading capacity of shrink fit couplings is approx. 1.5 times higher than in the case of force fit couplings. 
   The selection of heating or cooling depends on dimensions of the parts and technical possibilities. During hub heating, it is necessary to observe that the temperature when structural changes in material occur (in case of steels, approx. 200 to 400°C) is not exceeded. Heating of outer parts is usually done in an oil bath (up to 150°C) or gas or electric furnace. Parts with small diameter have to be heated to a much higher temperature than large ones. Cooling of shafts is usually done rather with smaller couplings, using carbon dioxide (-70 °C) or condensed air (-190 °C). For couplings with large assembly interferences, a combination of both methods may be used. 
   Shrink fitting is unsuitable for parts made of heat-treated steels and in case a heated part is fitted on a hardened one. In such cases it is necessary to cool the inner part or force fit the coupling.

Hint: If technical possibilities, material, dimensions and the shape of a part allow, transverse press is more preferable, with respect to higher loading capacity and reliability of coupling. 

Note: Mounting parameters of the coupling (press force, possibly assembly temperatures) are calculated for the designed coupling in paragraph [3.27].

2.4 Purity of contact areas.

Degreasing of the contact area surface causes an increase in friction coefficient and thus an increase in coupling loading capacity. However, in case of couplings with longitudinal press (force fit) it also leads to an increase in required press force. 

Note: This parameter is only used for the friction coefficient [2.6] design; it does not influence the calculation itself directly.

2.5 Plating of contact areas.

Galvanic plating of contact areas leads to a significant increase in the friction coefficient and thus to an increase in the coupling loading capacity. 

Note: This parameter is only used for the friction coefficient [2.6] design; it does not influence the calculation itself directly.

2.6 Friction coefficient. 

Friction coefficient significantly influences the loading capacity of the whole coupling. The loading capacity increases with its increasing value. The friction coefficient value depends on the material of connected parts, the roughness and purity of surfaces, contact pressure value and method of press. 

Preliminary values of friction coefficient for steel shaft:

Use higher values for small contact pressures and surfaces with higher roughness. The following diagram shows the influence of connected part roughness and contact pressure value on the friction coefficient for a steel hub:

Friction coefficient may be significantly increased by galvanic plating of contact areas. The mutual diffusion of atoms of both layers leads to surface "jointing" and the friction coefficient expresses rather the resistance to contact area shear. 

Preliminary values of friction coefficient for plated contact areas:

Hint: If the checkbox in line [2.6] is checked, the friction coefficient will be designed automatically with respect to the press method, selected coupling materials, roughness and treatment of contact areas.

2.7 Desired safety against gliding.

Safety against gliding shows the rate between the minimum theoretical loading capacity (friction force) of the coupling and total service loading. With respect to the accuracy and value of input information, type and importance of coupling, production quality and calculation accuracy, its value is usually selected from 1.2 to 2. 

Orientation values for choice of safety:

• 1.1 to 1.2 - Very accurate input information, precise knowledge of friction coefficient, high quality and accurate maintenance of production technology, couplings mechanically protected against gliding, couplings where gliding is desirable at enormous overload.
• 1.3 to 1.5 - Less accurate calculation without experimental verification, lesser accuracy in production technology, less important couplings, where possible gliding does not cause any special consequences.
• 1.6 to 1.8 - Reduced calculation accuracy, preliminary determination of friction coefficient, inaccurate knowledge of actual influence of outer load, very important couplings where glide could result in danger to life or high material losses.

2.8 Desired strength safety.

Expresses the rate between allowable stress in the tension of coupling materials and maximum comparative stress in the hub, possibly the shaft (see [3.7, 3.13]). With regards to accuracy and credibility of input information, importance of the coupling, quality of production and accuracy of the calculation, it is usually chosen in a range from 1.2 to 2.5.

Orientation values for choice of safety:

• 1.1 to 1.3 - Very accurate input information, perfect knowledge of material characteristics, high quality and exact following of production technology; insignificant couplings, damage to which does not cause any serious consequences.
• 1.4 to 1.6 - Less accurate calculation without any experimental verification, lower accuracy in production technology, couplings of lower importance.
• 1.7 to 2.2 - Decreased accuracy of calculations, approximate determination of material characteristics, inaccurate knowledge of actual effects of external loading; large diameters of shafts, very important couplings, damage to which could jeopardize human life or bring about high material losses.

Hint: General procedures of determination of safety coefficients can be found in the document "Coefficients of safety". With respect to the "overcautious" method of interference fit design and check (for a rather improbable maximum fit interference), it is, however, possible to use lower safety values in case of these couplings.

2.10 Service factor.

This coefficient gives the total effects of operational parameters on decrease of loading capacity of the coupling. Its size depends on the type of drive and loading, operational conditions and service lifespan of the coupling. With regards to the mentioned parameters, the literature gives values of the coefficient in a range from 1 to 3.

Hint: For easier choice of coefficient, the application is provided with automatic design. In case the checkbox to the right of the input field is enabled, the coefficient is determined automatically and based on parameters of the coupling defined in paragraph [1.7]. 

2.13 Preliminary design.

This paragraph serves for the preliminary design of coupling dimensions. After pressing the button, the program designs suitable coupling dimensions for the selected fits (see [2.24]). The calculation itself designs the coupling with the smallest dimensions possible, observing the recommended rates of length and diameter of the hub with respect to the designed shaft diameter. After the calculation, the designed solution is sequenced in the table.

If the design calculation was unsuccessful and no suitable solution was found, this fact is indicated by a warning message and the table of solutions is deleted. In such cases, repeat the design for a coupling with materials of a higher quality.

Note: For calculation in SI units (see [1.1]), recommended fits are determined according to the ISO 286 international system of fits, for calculation in Imperial units preferred fits according to ANSI B4.1 are used.

Warning: The results of automatic design are relevant only for the current assignment. If you make a change in paragraphs [1, 2.1, 2.9], it is necessary to recalculate the results using restart of design.

Hint: A preliminary design designs the coupling only for recommended (preferred) fits [2.24]. When using fits at higher accuracy levels, it is possible to find an even more suitable coupling design with smaller diameters.

2.14 Coupling dimensions.

This paragraph can be used to determine dimensions of the coupling. The dimensions can be chosen manually or the values of the designed solution can be transferred using a selection from table [2.13].

When selecting coupling dimensions, bear in mind some basic facts:

• The shaft diameter is the most important dimension of interference fits. With its increasing value, the coupling loading capacity increases significantly at simultaneous reduction in stress in connected parts. Increasing the shaft diameter is the most effective way of increasing the total loading capacity of the coupling. A 10% increase in diameter results in loading capacity increased by up to 20% while simultaneous maintaining the L/d ratio at up to 35%.
• With increasing length of the coupling, its loading capacity increases. The length of the coupling does not directly influence the load distribution in the connected parts.
• By increasing the hub, you will achieve reduction in its stress with a simultaneous slight increase in coupling loading capacity.
• In case of couplings with hollow shafts, the influence of the mutual ratio of wall thickness of the shaft and hub cannot be omitted. Increased wall thickness of one part results in decreased stress in it, simultaneously it causes increased stress in the other part. From the hub strength check point of view, the combination "robust hub - light-walled shaft" is appropriate; on the other hand, from the point of view of stress on the shaft, "light-walled hub - full shaft" is the most suitable variant.
• Influence of contact area roughness is shown indirectly via the value of the friction coefficient [2.6] and the value of coupling subsidence [2.30].

Norms for selecting the coupling length and hub outer diameter:

Note: When stressing the shaft in a bend, it is recommended to select a greater coupling length (L/d = 1.5 up to 2).

2.16 Minimum shaft diameter.

This parameter gives the minimum diameter of shaft, which is necessary for safe transfer of the entered torsional moment.

Warning: The minimum diameter is determined from the strength check of the shaft for torsion. If the coupling is only loaded by axial force, the value of the minimum shaft diameter will not be specified.

2.17 Shaft diameter.

Select a shaft diameter greater than the minimum recommended diameter d_min. The loading capacity of the coupling increases and the stress decreases in the connected parts with increasing shaft diameter. In case of couplings with hollow shafts, it is also necessary to consider the influence of the shaft wall thickness on stress in the hub. (see [2.14]).

Recommendation: In case of shafts strained by additional bend from outer radial forces (e.g. in gearwheels), it is recommended to select a shaft diameter approx. 20 to 30% greater than the minimum diameter d_min.

Note: With respect to the relative roughness of the fit system, it is usually necessary to select a shaft diameter significantly greater than the minimum diameter d_min, when using recommended fits [2.24].

2.18 Hub outer diameter.

The parameter gives the outer diameter of the full part of the hub. Increase in the hub results in decrease in its stressing, with simultaneous slight increase in the coupling loading capacity.

Hint: Recommended values for selection of the hub diameter can be found in [2.14].

2.19, 2.20 Roughness of contact area surface.

The contact area roughness depends on the shaft size, the method of treatment of parts and the level of accuracy of the selected fit. With increasing contact area roughness, the friction coefficient as well as coupling loading capacity increase. On the other hand, the mounting smoothness of the surface (longitudinal press) and possibly the size of subsidence (transverse press) also increase. This decreases effective coupling interference (see [2.30]). 

Recommended values of roughness in dependence on shaft diameter:

Note: In case of shrink fit couplings, the roughness of contact areas may be higher. The table describing the dependence of surface roughness on the way of treatment of machine parts can be found in the "Units converter" workbook. 

Hint: When the checkbox is checked in the appropriate line, the roughness will be designed automatically according to the selected shaft diameter. 

Warning: If you don't use the automatic friction coefficient selection [2.6], don't forget to adjust the value of the coefficient appropriately when changing the surface area roughness.

2.21 Functional coupling length.

Set the actual functional coupling length (without rounding, possibly bevelling of edges). The loading capacity of the coupling increases with increasing length. The coupling length has no direct influence on load distribution in the connected parts.

Hint: Recommended values for the selection of coupling length can be found in [2.14].

2.22 Design and selection of the fit.

This paragraph is intended for the design of the fit. When selecting the fit, you specify the size of assembly interferences of connected parts as well as the loading capacity and strength of the coupling. The correct selection of the appropriate fit is therefore the basic requirement when designing interference fits.

Each fit is characterized by proper manufacturing tolerances of the shaft and hub [2.25 - 2.28]. The combination of limit deviations of work measures simultaneously specifies the limit interference values that can occur during assembly. These limit interferences then become the basis of the coupling solution. The minimum interference [2.32] is decisive for solving the coupling loading capacity, the maximum interference [2.34] is decisive for strength checks. 

To achieve the desired safeties [2.7, 2.8] select the fit of the designed coupling so that:

• Minimum fit interference d_min is greater than desired assembly interference [2.31]
• Maximum fit interference d_max is smaller than allowable assembly interference [2.33]

The diagram in the figure in paragraph [2.29] shows the parameters of designed fit.

A suitable fit can be selected in three ways:

1. By selecting the recommended fit from the list [2.24]
   Cue for the selection of suitable fit can be graphical representation of interferences of individual fits shown in the figure in paragraph [2.35].
2. By direct selection of limit interferences of the shaft and hub in lines [2.25 - 2.28]
   To set the limit interferences, the checkbox in line [2.24] must be unchecked.
3. Using the function of automatic design
   Run the automatic design of the fit using the button in line [2.23]. 

The effort to achieve the most effective coupling design leads to the requirement for the smallest difference possible between its limit interferences when selecting the fit. Existing relatively rough fit systems, however, enable this only when selecting higher levels of accuracy, i.e. at higher production costs. In lot production this problem can sometimes be solved by selective assembly based in previous categorization of parts into subgroups according to the interference.

Warning: If the value of the desired assembly interference [2.31] is greater than the maximum allowable interference [2.33], no suitable fit can be found for the specific coupling dimensions. In such case, increase the coupling dimensions in paragraph [2.14], or use materials of better quality.

Note: The recommended fits are specified according to the ISO 286 international fit system for the calculation in SI units (see [1.1]); for calculation in Imperial units, the preferred fits according to ANSI B4.1 are used.

Hint: You can find the values of normalized tolerances of the shaft and hub in "Tolerances and fits" Workbook.

Hint: If you want to use other than recommended fits, use the additional calculation in paragraph [6] for their selection.

2.23 Automatic design of the fit.

You can run the automatic design of the fit using the button on line [2.23]. After the design has been run, the calculation will go through all recommended (preferred) fits and will try to select a suitable solution. If none of the recommended fits are suitable, the calculation will design the limit deviations of connected parts directly. The deviations are selected according to the normalized line of tolerances ISO 286, possibly ANSI B4.1. The appropriate tolerances are designed as large as possible to maintain the rule of the same or higher level of accuracy in case of shaft tolerance.

If the calculation has not found a suitable solution, use one of the following procedures to increase the loading capacity, possibly strength of the coupling:

• Increase the coupling dimensions
• Change the press method (the loading capacity of couplings with transverse press is approx. 1.5 times higher than the loading capacity of couplings with longitudinal press)
• Increase the friction coefficient (by degreasing or plating of contact areas, possibly by increasing their roughness)
• Use materials of higher quality

Hint: If you want to use other than recommended fits, use the additional calculation in paragraph [6] for their selection.

2.24 Recommended fit.

Select the recommended fit from the list box. The cue for selection of the appropriate fit can be found in the graphical representation of interferences of individual fits shown in the figure in paragraph [2.35]. The list of recommended fits is compiled on the basis of the set system of calculation units [1.1] and selected system of fits [2.2].

The recommended fits are specified according to the ISO 286 international fit system for the calculation in SI units. The preferred fits are marked with a "*" in the list.

For calculation in Imperial units, the list includes preferred fits according to ANSI B4.1.

Note: If the checkbox in this line is unchecked, it is necessary to specify the fit using limit deviations in lines [2.25 - 2.28]. You can find the values of normalized tolerances of the shaft and hub in "Tolerances and fits" Workbook.

Warning: Fits according to ISO 286 are prescribed by the standard for shaft diameters up to 2500 mm; preferred fits according to ANSI B4.1 are defined only for diameters up to 20 in.

Hint: If you want to use other than recommended fits, use the additional calculation in paragraph [6] for their selection.

2.29 Limit deviations and range of assembly interference of selected fit.

To increase transparency and legibility of the calculation, the parameters of the selected fit are presented in this paragraph graphically.

On the left, there is a schematic picture of limit deviations of shaft and hub related to the zero line (basic diameter) of the coupling.

The blue rectangle on the right represents the range of assembly interferences for the selected fit. To achieve the desired safeties [2.7, 2.8], select the fit of the designed coupling so that the whole rectangle lies between the lines of limit deviations.

2.30 Mounting smoothness of surface, possibly coupling subsidence.

Longitudinal press (force fit)
When using pressure, surface unevenness of connected parts is partially stripped and smoothed. This results in reduction of the original assembly interference and thus reduction of the coupling loading capacity. The resulting effective coupling interference may then be significantly lower (especially in case of smaller diameters). The amount of mounting smoothness of the surface depends on the roughness of the connected parts.

Transverse press (shrink fit)
After balancing of assembly temperatures, there occurs plastic deformation of surface micro-unevenness in the coupling. Such coupling subsidence causes a reduction in original assembly interference and therefore, a reduction in loading capacity of the coupling. This reduction in loading capacity is significantly lower than in case of longitudinal press. The value of coupling subsidence depends on the roughness of the connected areas.

2.31 Min. required assembly interference.

This parameter specifies the minimum required assembly interference of the fit when the coupling still has not achieved the required loading capacity.

2.32 Minimum fit interference.

Minimum fit interference is characterized by the difference between lower shaft deviation and upper hub deviation (ei - ES) and is the decisive value in judging the coupling loading capacity.

Note: If the desired safety against gliding is to be maintained, the minimum fit interference d_min must be higher than the desired assembly interference [2.31].

2.33 Max. allowable assembly interference.

This parameter sets the limit value of assembly interference when the coupling still complies with all strength checks with the desired safety [2.8].

2.34 Maximum fit interference.

Maximum fit interference is set by the difference between the upper shaft deviation and lower hub deviation (es - EI) and is the decisive value for strength checks of stress on connected parts.

Note: If the designed coupling is to comply with all strength checks with the desired safety, the maximum fit interference d_max must be lower than the allowable assembly interference [2.33].

2.35 Range of assembly interferences for recommended fits.

This paragraph is intended to ease the selection of suitable fit in line [2.24]. The assembly parameters of all recommended (preferred) fits are shown here in graphical form. 

Blue columns show the range of assembly interferences for the specific fit. You can judge the suitability of individual fits on the basis of the mutual position of the appropriate column with lines of limit interferences. To obtain the desired safeties [2.7, 2.8] of the designed coupling, the whole column must lie between these limit lines.

Loading capacity, strength checks and mounting parameters of the coupling. [3]

In this paragraph, the check of loading capacity of the coupling and all necessary strength checks are performed. 

With respect to a significant variance of values of the assembly interference for the selected fit, the checks are performed for the medium interference d_c and for both limit interference values d_min, d_max. Although in practice interferences near the mean value should occur most commonly, it is also necessary to provide sufficient strength and loading capacity of the coupling for less probable limit interferences. For the check of loading capacity of the coupling, the minimum interference is decisive, for strength checks the maximum interference is decisive.

3.1 Check of loading capacity of the coupling.

Securing the transfer of the whole outer loading solely by friction between the connected parts is the basic requirement of interference fit loading capacity. The coupling loading capacity is then checked by comparing the frictional force [3.5] with its total service loading [2.12].

The frictional forces in the coupling are formed due to contact area interference; the lowest loading capacity will therefore be shown with couplings with minimum assembly interference. If the designed coupling is to accommodate this in full, safety against gliding must be greater than the required safety [2.7] even in case of less probable minimum interference.

Note: If the check does not accommodate this, design a coupling with a larger shaft diameter, or use a fit with larger interference. 

3.3 Effective interference.

During assembly of the coupling, plastic deformation of surface micro-unevenness in contact areas (see [2.30]) occurs. This results in a reduction in assembly interference of the fit. This parameter then specifies the actual effective interference of the fit securing the coupling loading capacity.

3.7 Strength check of the hub.

Press-on results in creating the biaxial state of stress in the hub, defined by the radial s_r and tangential s_t part of stress. The value of the stress increases with increasing assembly interference. The figure shows the distribution of both parts of the load in dependence on the hub diameter.

Strength check of the hub is performed by comparison of maximum comparative stress with allowable stress in tension. The comparative stress is set from partial components of stress on the basis of Mises hypothesis of specific energy from the relation:

Allowable stress is set by the yield strength for steel hubs; the allowable stress for hubs made of cast iron is determined as half the value of ultimate tensile strength.

If the designed coupling is to fully accommodate this, the resulting safety [3.12] must be higher than the desired safety [2.8] even in case of less probable maximum interference.

Note: If the check does not accommodate this, design the coupling with a more powerful hub, larger shaft diameter or use a fit with smaller interference.

3.13 Strength check of the shaft.

Press-on results in creating the biaxial state of stress in the shaft, defined by the radial s_r and tangential s_t part of stress. The value of the stress increases with increasing assembly interference. The figure shows the distribution of both parts of the load in dependence on the shaft diameter. In case of full shafts, the stress is constant throughout the diameter.

Strength check of the shaft is performed by comparison of maximum comparative stress with allowable stress in tension. The allowable stress is given by the yield strength of the shaft material. The comparative stress is set from partial components of stress on the basis of Mises hypothesis of specific energy from the relation:

If the designed coupling is to fully accommodate this, the resulting safety [3.18] must be higher than the desired safety [2.8] even in case of less probable maximum interference.

Note: If the check does not accommodate this, design the coupling with a larger shaft diameter or use a fit with smaller interference.

3.19 Check of coupling for deformation.

If the permissible pressure is exceeded, plastic deformation of the thin layer of contact areas may occur. This results in a reduction in contact pressure and subsequent reduction in the coupling loading capacity. As this phenomenon usually occurs only in case of couplings with maximum assembly interference (over-designed from the loading capacity point of view), the possible reduction in contact pressure has no significant importance in the total coupling loading capacity. 

Check of coupling for deformation has only an informative meaning in case of interference fits. If the designed coupling accommodates this in all other checks, the possible exceeding of permissible pressure may not mean a threat to coupling loading capacity or strength. This check should also be complied with if possible especially in case of reassembled couplings.

3.23 Check of shaft for torsion.

The resulting safety of the coupling [3.26] is given by the ratio of the permitted shear stress of the shaft material to the calculated comparative stress. If the coupling is to be sufficient, the calculated safety must be higher than the required one [1.14].

Note: In case the results of the check are insufficient, a new design of coupling with a larger diameter shaft must be carried out.

3.27 Mounting parameters of the coupling.

In this paragraph, the mounting parameters are calculated for the designed coupling. In the left part of the paragraph, the parameters are specified for shrink fit couplings, in the right part for force fit couplings. The mounting parameters are relevant only for the type of coupling currently set on line [2.3].

3.28 Transverse press (shrink fit).

Transverse press is done by non-forcible connecting of parts after previous hub heating (dilatation), or after previous shaft cooling (restriction). This paragraph enables specification of both necessary hub-heating temperature [3.35] and necessary shaft-cooling temperature [3.38] for the designed coupling.

The selection of heating or cooling depends on dimensions of the parts and technical possibilities. During hub heating, it is necessary to observe that the temperature when structural changes in material occur (in case of steels, approx. 200 to 400°C) is not exceeded. Heating of outer parts is usually done in an oil bath (up to 150°C) or gas or electric furnace. Parts with small diameter have to be heated to a much higher temperature than large ones. Cooling of shafts is usually done rather with smaller couplings, using carbon dioxide (-70 °C) or condensed air (-190 °C). For couplings with large assembly interferences, a combination of both methods may be used. 

Shrink fitting is unsuitable for parts made of heat-treated steels and in case a heated part is fitted on a hardened one. In such cases it is necessary to cool the inner part or force fit the coupling.

Note: The calculation of assembling temperatures is valid only provided that the manufacturing coupling dimensions are set at 20°C (68°F).

3.29 Fit.

For proper assessment of necessary mounting temperatures, the fit with maximum interference when mounting temperatures will also achieve their maximum is decisive.

3.30 Assembly clearance.

Assembly clearance is used to secure easy insertion of a shaft into a hub without mutual damage of contact areas. Assembly clearance amounting to one thousandth of the shaft diameter is usually considered sufficient.

Hint: If the checkbox in this line is checked, the assembly clearance will be designed automatically.

3.34 Heat expansion coefficient of shaft material.

Heat expansion coefficient does not have a constant value in case of metal materials, but its size decreases with increasing temperature. If the required shrinkage is to be achieved during shaft cooling, it is necessary to use an adjusted value of heat expansion coefficient valid for the area of low temperatures when calculating the mounting temperature.

Hint: If the checkbox in this line is checked, the heat expansion coefficient will be designed automatically for the material group selected in [1.17].

3.41 Longitudinal press (force fit).

Longitudinal press is based on forcible pushing of a shaft into a hub under pressure or using mechanical or hydraulic jigs in case of smaller parts. The intensity of press force increases linearly in the press process (see figure). The force needed to release the coupling is approx. 20 to 25 % higher; it decreases linearly during shaft forcing.

The press speed should not exceed 2 mm/s. To prevent seizing, steel parts are usually greased. It is also necessary to grease contact areas in case of large couplings with large interference, where extremely high press forces are required. Parts from different materials may be dry-pressed. Greasing contact areas enables the press process, however, on the other hand it leads to a decrease in friction coefficient and coupling loading capacity.

3.42 Fit.

In order to judge the desired press force properly, the fit with maximum interference when the required press force is the largest is decisive.

3.43 Necessary pressing force.

The size of the pressing force is determined based on the "operational" friction coefficient, listed on line [2.6]. If the boundaries are to be greased during pressing, it is necessary to take account of the size of the friction coefficient.

Warning: Short connections with small assembly interferences, similar in size to the mounting smoothness of surface [2.30], may have a greater actual pressing force than the force calculated here.

Note: For connections with assembly interferences smaller than the size of the smoothness of surface [2.30], the required pressing force will not be calculated by the program.

Check of the coupling strained by additional load. [4]

This paragraph specifies an additional check of the coupling strained by additional load by radial force or bending moment. 

The additional load causes redistribution of originally even contact pressure in the coupling. Check of the coupling then includes examination of new pressure conditions, determining the values of extreme pressure and their comparison with the permissible pressure. The pressure distribution under load of radial force and bending moment is shown in the picture.

The value of maximum permissible pressure is determined on the basis of strength checks specified in paragraphs [3.7, 3.13]. The check of minimum pressure observes the danger of local diversion of contact areas and the creation of micro-shifts. 

Note: Although the pressure is redistributed, its total value in the contact area does not change. Therefore, the additional load has no influence on the total loading capacity of the coupling. 

Check of the coupling at specific working temperature. [5]

The calculation used for design and check of the coupling in paragraphs [2, 3] is based on the prerequisite that the coupling operates at temperatures close to the basic temperature 20°C (68°F) at which both material characteristics and coupling dimensions were determined. If the coupling works constantly at higher operational temperatures, its characteristics change significantly. The influence of temperature is proved in several basic facts:

• As the temperature increases, the modulus of material elasticity decreases. In case of couplings with shaft and hub from the same material, this shows as a reduction in contact pressure, resulting in a reduction in the coupling loading capacity.
• In case of couplings where different materials are used, a change in operational interference appears as a result of different heat expansion. Depending on the combination of used materials, this fact may appear both by a reduction in loading capacity and by an increase in stress in parts.
• The strength characteristics of most materials decrease with increasing temperature.

This paragraph is used to examine and check the parameters of a designed interference fit working at a specific operational temperature.

Note: Parameters marked with index "T" specify coupling properties at operational temperature.

5.2 Properties of the material.

Physical and strength properties of material change according to changes in temperature. This paragraph is intended to set the necessary properties of the shaft and hub material valid for the selected operational temperature. The properties of material at temperature 20°C (68°F) are specified in green fields.

Hint: If the checkbox in this line is checked, all necessary parameters for the specific material are designed automatically.

Warning: Automatically designed material properties are calculated for a specific temperature using empirically obtained coefficients, common for the whole group of materials. The values obtained in such a way have an approximate character and in case of final calculations, we recommend using the material properties according to the material sheet or manufacturer's specifications. Especially with allowable stress in tension, the designed value may rather significantly differ from reality.

5.6 Allowable stress in tension.

Allowable stress in tension is given by yield strength in case of malleable materials; in case of brittle materials (cast iron), it is determined as half the ultimate tensile strength. 

Warning: The value of allowable stress designed by the calculation has only an approximate character. For accurate assessment of stressing of connected parts, we recommend using data according to the material sheet or from the manufacturer's specifications.

Extended fit selection according to ISO 286. [6]

Unlike the main calculation, when only recommended fits are used during the designing of the coupling, this paragraph enables the selection of a random fit defined by the ISO 286 standard.

The selection of proper fit can be made in two ways:

1. Manual selection of fit [6.6]
   Set the required shaft tolerance zone and hub tolerance zone in list boxes [6.7, 6.8]. In case you select a tolerance zone which is not defined in the ISO system for the specified basic size, limit deviations will be equal to zero and the tolerance mark will be displayed in red.
2. Using the function of automatic fit search
   Run the automatic design using the button in line [6.5]. When started, the calculation goes through suitable combinations of shaft and hub tolerance zones and it looks up the suitable fit. When searching for the fit, the program observes the following rules:

   - the selected fits are in the system of uniform hole, possibly uniform shaft according to setup [2.2]
   - hub and shaft tolerance zones prescribed for common use are used in the selection
   - hub tolerance equals or is greater than shaft tolerance
   - tolerance of hub and tolerance of shaft do not differ by more than two degrees
   - fits with a lower degree of accuracy are preferred 

Transfer the parameters of the selected fit into the main calculation using the button in line [6.10]. 

Warning: The ISO 286 standard defines the dimensions of the fit in millimeters. Use of this paragraph has a practical use mainly for calculation in SI units (see [1.1]). If you use ISO fit in calculation with set Imperial units, the dimensional parameters of the fit will be converted and rounded during transfer to the main calculation. 

Note: The standard ISO 286 defines the system of tolerances, deviations and fits only for basic sizes up to 3150 mm.

Hint: Details on the ISO 286 fit system can be found in the "Tolerances and fits" workbook.

B. Clamping connection.

Clamping connections are rigid (fixed) couplings based on the principle of clamping the connected parts in their contact area using outer elements. Outer loading is transferred by friction between the shaft and hub created in the fit during assembly. Friction in the clamping is caused by normal outer forces deduced using stressed bolt connections.

Clamping connections are suitable for the transfer of small and medium loads in case of frequently dismounted couplings. Typically, they are used for clamping clutches of shafts, connection of arms and shafts, in fixation of various adjustable collars and adjustable stops.

Clamping connections are manufactured in two basic types:

1. With separated hub
2. With one side cut hub

Advantages of the coupling:

• Easy assembly and disassembly of the coupling
• Easy adjustment of mutual position of parts
• Suitable for quick design, manufacturing, assembly, maintenance and disassembly of the coupling

Disadvantages of the coupling:

• Lower loading capacity than interference fits
• Reliability of the coupling depends on securing the clamping elements against release
• Danger of injuries to operators during operation due to non-rotating outer shapes
• It is necessary to machine the separated parts together

Temporary fits with low clearance H8/j7, H8/k7, H7/j6, H7/k6 or fits with mild interference H8/n7, H8/p7, H7/m6, H7/n6, H7/p6 are usually used for clamping connections.

Design of coupling dimensions. [7]

This paragraph can be used to choose the parameter of the given type of coupling and to design dimensions of the coupling.

7.2 Hub design.

Select the desired hub design from the list box.

7.3 Purity of contact areas.

Degreasing of the contact area surface causes an increase in friction coefficient and thus an increase in coupling loading capacity. 

Note: This parameter is only used for the friction coefficient [7.4] design; it does not influence the calculation itself directly.

7.4 Friction coefficient. 

Friction coefficient significantly influences the loading capacity of the whole coupling. The loading capacity increases with its increasing value. The value of friction coefficient depends on the material of connected parts, surface roughness and purity, method of contact pressure distribution and intensity.

Preliminary values of friction coefficient for steel shaft:

Use higher values for small contact pressures and surfaces with higher roughness.

Hint: If you check the checkbox in line [7.4], the friction coefficient will be designed automatically with respect to the coupling size, selected materials and contact area purity.

7.5 Form factor.

Specifies the influence of uneven distribution of contact pressure on the shaft circumference on the coupling loading capability and strength. 

Clearance in fit and transverse flexural rigidity of sleeves is decisive for pressure distribution in the contact area. The smaller the clearance and the more flexible the sleeve, the more the pressure distribution approximates even distribution. With respect to expected pressure rates in the coupling, the coefficient value is set between 0.7 and 1. Cosine pressure distribution (see the picture) is usually considered relatively close to reality.

Hint: Value 0.75 is usually used for the calculation with common accuracy.

7.6 Desired safety against gliding.

Safety against gliding shows the rate between the minimum theoretical loading capacity (friction force) of the coupling and total service loading. With respect to the accuracy and value of input information, type and importance of coupling, production quality and calculation accuracy, its value is usually selected from 1.3 to 2.5. 

Orientation values for choice of safety:

• 1.2 to 1.4 - Very accurate input information, precise knowledge of friction coefficient, high quality and accurate maintenance of production technology, couplings mechanically protected against gliding, couplings where gliding is desirable at enormous overload.
• 1.5 to 1.8 - Less accurate calculation without experimental verification, lesser accuracy in production technology, less important couplings, where possible gliding does not cause any special consequences.
• 1.9 to 2.2 - Reduced calculation accuracy, preliminary determination of friction coefficient, inaccurate knowledge of actual influence of outer load, very important couplings where glide could result in danger to life or high material losses.

7.7 Desired strength safety.

It is used for the check of coupling for deformation (see [8.13]) and states the rate between allowable and maximum contact pressures. With regards to accuracy and credibility of input information, importance of the coupling, quality of production and accuracy of the calculation, it is usually chosen in a range from 1.5 to 3.

Orientation values for choice of safety:

• 1.3 to 1.5 - Very accurate input information, perfect knowledge of material characteristics, high quality and exact following of production technology; insignificant couplings, damage to which does not cause any serious consequences.
• 1.5 to 1.8 - Less accurate calculation without any experimental verification, lower accuracy in production technology, couplings of lower importance.
• 1.8 to 2.5 - Decreased accuracy of calculations, approximate determination of material characteristics, inaccurate knowledge of actual effects of external loading; large diameters of shafts, very important couplings, damage to which could jeopardize human life or bring about high material losses.

Note: In case of couplings with hollow shafts, the safety value selected here is also used for the shaft strength check (see [8.21]).

Hint: General procedures of determination of safety coefficients can be found in the document "Coefficients of safety".

7.9 Service factor.

This coefficient gives the total effects of operational parameters on decrease of loading capacity of the coupling. Its size depends on the type of drive and loading, operational conditions and service lifespan of the coupling. With regards to the mentioned parameters, the literature gives values of the coefficient in a range from 1 to 3.

Hint: For easier choice of coefficient, the application is provided with automatic design. In case the checkbox to the right of the input field is enabled, the coefficient is determined automatically and based on parameters of the coupling defined in paragraph [1.7]. 

7.12 Coupling dimensions.

This paragraph can be used to design dimensions of the coupling. When designing the coupling, first choose the desired diameter of the shaft [7.15]. For the set diameter, the program calculates the minimum functional coupling length [7.16] needed to secure safe transfer of service loading. Finish the design of coupling diameters by selecting the actual coupling length in line [7.17].

Recommended dimensions of hubs can be found in the document "Guiding values for choices of dimensions of hubs".

Hint: When enabling the checkbox in row [7.17] the length of the coupling will be designed automatically.

7.14 Minimum shaft diameter.

This parameter gives the minimum diameter of shaft, which is necessary for safe transfer of the entered torsional moment.

Warning: The minimum diameter is determined from the strength check of the shaft for torsion. If the coupling is only loaded by axial force, the value of the minimum shaft diameter will not be specified.

7.15 Shaft diameter.

Select a shaft diameter greater than the minimum recommended diameter d_min. 

Recommendation: In case of shafts strained by additional bend from outer radial forces (e.g. in gearwheels), it is recommended to select a shaft diameter approx. 20 to 30% greater than the minimum diameter d_min.

7.16 Minimum functional coupling length.

The parameter gives the min. functional coupling length needed for safe transfer of service loading.

Recommendation: If the functional coupling length seems too big (L/d > 3), repeat the design for a larger shaft diameter. 

7.17 Functional coupling length.

Select a coupling length greater than the calculated minimum length [7.16]. 

Norms for coupling length selection:

Hint: When enabling the checkbox in row [7.17] the length of the coupling will be designed automatically.

7.18 Mounting prestressing, design of connecting bolt.

This paragraph is used for the connecting bolt design and determination of their mounting prestressing. In the design process, first choose the total number of connecting bolts [7.20]. The program will then calculate the allowable range of mounting pre-stressing for the specified coupling dimensions [7.21], securing the desired loading capacity and strength of the coupling. After the mounting prestressing [7.22] and bolt material [7.23] have been selected, the calculation will execute preliminary design of connecting bolt dimensions [7.24]. If the recommended thread is too big, repeat the design with material of better quality or a larger number of connecting bolts.

Hint: If the checkbox in line [7.22] is checked, the desired mounting prestressing will be designed automatically.

Note: For calculation in SI units (see [1.1]) connecting bolts with rough metric thread are designed, for calculation in Imperial units, bolts with inch UNC thread are designed.

7.22 Mounting prestressing.

Select the value of mounting prestressing in connecting bolts in the range of values recommended in line [7.21]. 

Hint: If the checkbox in line [7.22] is checked, the desired mounting prestressing will be designed automatically.

7.24 Minimum recommended thread size.

A simplified calculation valid for prismatic bolts is used for the recommended thread size design, with the value of friction coefficient in threads equal to 0.15. Although this value is relatively accurate, we recommend using a specialized calculation in case of final calculations for the connecting bolt design.

Note: For calculation in SI units (see [1.1]) connecting bolts with rough metric thread are designed, for calculation in Imperial units, bolts with inch UNC thread are designed.

Hint: For final design and check of connecting bolts, use the special calculation which can be found in the "Bolt connections" workbook.

Loading capacity and strength checks of the coupling. [8]

In this paragraph, the check of loading capacity of the coupling and all necessary strength checks are performed.

3.1 Check of loading capacity of the coupling.

Securing the transfer of the whole outer loading solely by friction between the connected parts is the basic requirement of coupling loading capacity. The coupling loading capacity is then checked by comparing the frictional force [8.4] with its total service loading [8.5].

If the designed coupling is to accommodate this, safety against glide must be higher than the desired safety [7.6].

Note: If the check does not accommodate this, use bolt connections with higher prestressing, possibly design a coupling with greater length or larger shaft diameter.

8.7 Check of connecting bolt.

A simplified calculation valid for prismatic bolts is used for the connecting bolt check, with the value of friction coefficients in threads and below the bolt head equal to 0.15. Therefore, consider the herein stated results as only orientation and approximate.

Hint: For final design and check of connecting bolts, use the special calculation which can be found in the "Bolt connections" workbook.

8.13 Check of coupling for deformation.

Check for deformation is done by comparing allowable pressure of lower quality material [8.14] with the calculated maximum contact pressure [8.15]. If the coupling is to accommodate this, the calculated safety must be higher than the desired safety [7.7].

Note: If the check does not accommodate this, design the coupling with greater length or greater shaft diameter, possibly use bolt connections with smaller prestressing.

8.17 Check of shaft for torsion.

The resulting safety of the coupling [8.20] is given by the ratio of the permitted shear stress of the shaft material to the calculated comparative stress. If the coupling is to be sufficient, the calculated safety must be higher than the required one [1.14].

Note: In case the results of the check are insufficient, a new design of coupling with a larger diameter shaft must be carried out.

8.21 Check of hollow shaft.

The check is done by comparing allowable stress in tension of the shaft material [8.22] with calculated comparative stress affecting the inside shaft diameter [8.23]. If the coupling is to accommodate this, the calculated safety must be higher than the desired safety [7.7].

Note: In case the results of the check are insufficient, a new design of coupling with a larger diameter shaft must be carried out.

Comparative table. [9]

This paragraph can be used for a fast comparison of designed solutions of couplings of shafts with hubs. Only basic dimensions are given here for individual types of couplings. Complete dimensions of the coupling can be found in the independent chapter (section) of the respective calculation.

Note: Values of safety [9.9, 9.18] are minimum values of safety for all strength checks executed with the given type of coupling.

Hint: With respect to the "overcautious" method of design and check of interference fits (for very improbable limit fit interferences), it is possible to use lower values of safety with these couplings than in case of clamping connections.

Setting calculations, change the language.

Information on setting of calculation parameters and setting of the language can be found in the document "Setting calculations, change the language".

Workbook modifications (calculation).

General information on how to modify and extend calculation workbooks is mentioned in the document "Workbook (calculation) modifications".